Process Description Controlled variables Field devices Mixing Blending materials to form a uniform mixture, including slurry production. Mixing speed, temperature, viscosity, concentration of materials Speed, torque, and temperature sensors, viscosity meters, concentration analyzers Coating Applying a thin layer of slurry onto current collectors to create battery electrodes. Coating thickness and uniformity, temperature, solvent concentration Thickness gauges, temperature sensors, gas analyzers Drying Removing solvents from coated electrodes to enhance structure and prevent defects. Temperature, humidity, residual solvent concentration Temperature and humidity sensors, gas analyzers, heaters and fans Calendering Compressing, shaping coated electrodes to improve density and mechanical properties. Thickness of coated materials, density of materials, temperature Thickness gauges, density meters, temperature sensors Filling Injecting electrolyte into battery cells for proper volume and concentration. Electrolyte volume, seal integrity, electrolyte concentration Level sensors, leak detection systems, electrolyte analyzers Aging Allowing batteries to stabilize and activate for optimal performance. Rest time, temperature, self-discharge rate Timers, temperature sensors, self-discharge measurement devices Degassing Removing gases enhances battery safety and longevity. Gas concentration, temperature, pressure Gas analyzers, temperature and pressure sensors Testing Evaluating capacity, voltage, resistance, and safety characteristics. Capacity degradation, thermal stability, voltage drop, internal resistance Battery testers, voltage and internal resistance meters, safety testing equipment M23 → festo.com/didactic Magazine > Current trend topics
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